Ward TM, Rankin S, Lee KA.
J Pediatr Nurs 2007;22(4):283-96.
Sleep disturbances are common in infants and children. Sleep disturbances in children not only disrupt the child and family but also impact parental and child well-being, daytime functioning, and behavior. Pediatric nurses care for the individual child as well as their family members. Understanding the importance of healthy sleep habits and the implications of inadequate sleep on child behavior and family-peer interactions provides nurses an opportunity to decrease family stress and increase positive coping, adaptation, and family function. Common types of sleep problems are presented, and recommendations for screening tools are included to help nurses better assess sleep problems in children and make appropriate referrals.
Showing posts with label infants. Show all posts
Showing posts with label infants. Show all posts
Early phase in human brain development
Resting-state networks in the infant brain.
Peter Fransson, Beatrice Skiold, Sandra Horsch, Anders Nordell, Mats Blennow, Hugo Lagercrant and Ulrika Åden.
PNAS, September 25,2007,vol.104, no.39, 15531–15536
Background: In the absence of any overt task performance, it has been shown that spontaneous, intrinsic brain activity is expressed as systemwide, resting-state networks in the adult brain. However, the route to adult patterns of resting-state activity through neuronal development in the human brain is currently unknown.
Methods: 12 infants were scanned at term-equivalent age during sleep for 10 min. The total scanning time was 45–50 min. Functional MRI was used to map patterns of resting-state activity in infants during sleep. Physiologically relevant resting-state networks across subjects were extracted by using ICA.
Results: They found five unique resting-states networks in the infant brain that encompassed the primary visual cortex, bilateral sensorimotor areas, bilateral auditory cortex, a network including the precuneus area, lateral parietal cortex, and the cerebellum as well as an anterior network that incorporated the medial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
Conclusions: The results suggest that resting-state networks driven by spontaneous signal fluctuations are present already in the infant brain. The potential link
between the emergence of behavior and patterns of resting-state activity in the infant brain is discussed.
Peter Fransson, Beatrice Skiold, Sandra Horsch, Anders Nordell, Mats Blennow, Hugo Lagercrant and Ulrika Åden.
PNAS, September 25,2007,vol.104, no.39, 15531–15536
Background: In the absence of any overt task performance, it has been shown that spontaneous, intrinsic brain activity is expressed as systemwide, resting-state networks in the adult brain. However, the route to adult patterns of resting-state activity through neuronal development in the human brain is currently unknown.
Methods: 12 infants were scanned at term-equivalent age during sleep for 10 min. The total scanning time was 45–50 min. Functional MRI was used to map patterns of resting-state activity in infants during sleep. Physiologically relevant resting-state networks across subjects were extracted by using ICA.
Results: They found five unique resting-states networks in the infant brain that encompassed the primary visual cortex, bilateral sensorimotor areas, bilateral auditory cortex, a network including the precuneus area, lateral parietal cortex, and the cerebellum as well as an anterior network that incorporated the medial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
Conclusions: The results suggest that resting-state networks driven by spontaneous signal fluctuations are present already in the infant brain. The potential link
between the emergence of behavior and patterns of resting-state activity in the infant brain is discussed.
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